KURT LEWIN
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. By this definition, scientific refers to the empirical method of investigation. The terms thoughts, feelings, and behaviors include all of the psychological variables that are measurable in a human being. The statement that others may be imagined or implied suggests that we are prone to social influence even when no other people are present, such as when watching television, or following internalized cultural norms.
Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the interaction of mental states and immediate social situations. In Kurt Lewin's famous heuristic formula, behavior can be viewed as a function of the person and the environment, B = f(P , E). In general, social psychologists have a preference for laboratory based, empirical findings. Social psychology theories tend to be specific and focused, rather than global and general. Social psychology is an interdisciplinary domain that bridges the gap between psychology and sociology. During the years immediately following World War II, there was frequent collaboration between psychologists and sociologists. However, the two disciplines have become increasingly specialized and isolated from each other in recent years, with sociologists focusing on "macro variables" (e.g. social structure) to a much greater extent. Nevertheless, sociological approaches to social psychology remain an important counterpart to psychological research in this area.
In addition to the split between psychology and sociology, there has been a somewhat less pronounced difference in emphasis between American social psychologists and European social psychologists. As a broad generalization, American researchers traditionally have focused more on the individual, whereas Europeans have paid more attention to group level phenomena. See Group dynamics.
SARLITO WIRAWAN
Sarlito Wirawan, after concluding a few definitions of social psychology to distinguish three areas of social psychology studies as follows:
The study of social influences on individual processes, such as studies of perception, motivation, learning, attribution (nature). Although these topics are not the monopoly of social psychology, social psychology but could not escape from the study of these topics.
The study of individual processes together, such as language, social attitudes and so forth.
The study of group interaction, such as: leadership, communication, power relations, authoritarian, conformity (conformity), cooperation, competition, role and so forth.
Furthermore, he defines social psychology as a science that studies the behavior of individuals as a function of the excitatory-social stimuli (social psychology is the scientific study of individual behavior as a function of social stimuli; Shaw & Coztanzo).
